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THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2012
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The Geologic Time Scale 2012, winner of a 2012 PROSE Award Honorable Mention for Best Multi-volume Reference in Science from the Association of American Publishers, is the framework for deciphering the history of our planet Earth. The authors have been at the forefront of chronostratigraphic research and initiatives to create an international geologic time scale for many years, and the charts in this book present the most up-to-date, international standard, as ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Union of Geological Sciences. This 2012 geologic time scale is an enhanced, improved and expanded version of the GTS2004, including chapters on planetary scales, the Cryogenian-Ediacaran periods/systems, a prehistory scale of human development, a survey of sequence stratigraphy, and an extensive compilation of stable-isotope chemostratigraphy.
This book is an essential reference for all geoscientists, including researchers, students, and petroleum and mining professionals. The presentation is non-technical and illustrated with numerous colour charts, maps and photographs. The book also includes a detachable wall chart of the complete time scale for use as a handy reference in the office, laboratory or field.
| Author | GRADSTEIN, OGG, SCHMITZ & OGG |
|---|---|
| Table Of Content | Dedication Quote Dedication Contributors Editors’ Biographies Preface Abbreviations and acronyms Organizations Time Scale Publications (see References for Details) Geoscientific Concepts Symbols Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 A Geologic Time Scale 1.2 A Geologic Time Scale GTS2012 1.3 How this Book is Arranged 1.4 Conventions and Standards 1.5 Historical Overview of Geologic Time Scales 1.6 Stratigraphic Charts and Tables REFERENCES Chapter 2. The Chronostratigraphic Scale 2.1 History of Geologic Stratigraphic Standardization 2.2 Stage Unit Stratotypes 2.3 Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) 2.3 Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) 2.4 Other Considerations for Choosing a GSSP 2.5 Subdividing Long Stages 2.6 Do GSSP Boundary Stratotypes Simplify Stratigraphic Classification? REFERENCES Chapter 3. Biochronology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Paleontologic Events 3.3 Quantitative Stratigraphy and Biochronology 3.4 Qualitative Biostratigraphy and Biochronology Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 4. Cyclostratigraphy and Astrochronology 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Earth’s Astronomical Parameters 4.3 The 405-kyr Metronome 4.4 Astronomically Forced Insolation 4.5 Cyclostratigraphy through Geologic Time 4.6 Constructing Astrochronologies and the ATS 4.7 Precision and Accuracy of the ATS 4.8 Astrochronology-Geochronology Intercalibration 4.9 A New Astronomical Solution REFERENCES Chapter 5. Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale 5.1 Principles 5.2 Late Cretaceous through Cenozoic Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale 5.3 Middle Jurassic through Early Cretaceous Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale 5.4 Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale for Early Jurassic and Older Rocks 5.5 Summary REFERENCES Chapter 6. Radiogenic Isotope Geochronology 6.1 Changes in Geochronological Practice Since a Geological Time Scale 2004 6.2 Changes in Geochronological Standards Applied to the Geological Time Scale 2012 REFERENCES Chapter 7. Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Materials for Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy 7.3 The Databases Used for this Volume 7.4 Numerical Ages 7.5 Fitting the Lowess Database 7.6 The Quality of the Fit 7.7 Rubidium Contamination 7.8 Comments on the Lowess Fit 7.9 Sr-Isotope Stratigraphy for Pre-Ordovician Time REFERENCES Chapter 8. Osmium Isotope Stratigraphy 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Historical Overview 8.3 Pleistocene 8.4 Miocene 8.5 Oligocene 8.6 Late Eocene Impacts 8.7 Early Eocene 8.8 Paleocene 8.9 Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Boundary 8.10 Pre-Cenozoic Records 8.11 Mesozoic 8.12 Paleozoic and Precambrian REFERENCES Chapter 9. Sulfur Isotope Stratigraphy 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Mechanisms Driving the Variation in the S Isotope Record 9.3 Isotopic Fractionation of Sulfur 9.4 Measurement and Materials for Sulfur Isotope Stratigraphy 9.5 A Geological Time Scale Database 9.6 A Database of S Isotope Values and Their Ages for the Past 130 Million Years Using Lowess Regression 9.7 Use of S Isotopes for Correlation REFERENCES Chapter 10. Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Terminology and Standardization 10.3 Fractionation Relations and Paleotemperature Scales 10.4 Application Principles and Considerations 10.5 Sample Materials 10.6 Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy 10.7 Summary Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 11. Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy 11.1 Principles of Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy 11.2 Spatial Heterogeneity of δ13C of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon 11.3 Materials and Methods 11.4 Correlation Potential and Excursions 11.5 Causes of Carbon Isotope Excursions 11.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 12. A Brief History of Plants on Earth 1 Introduction 2 Paleozoic 3 Mesozoic 4 Cenozoic Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 13. Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea-Level Change 13.1 Historical Links between Sea-Level Change, Sequence Stratigraphy and the Geological Time scale 13.2 The Development of Eustatic and Sequence Stratigraphic Concepts 13.3 Issues of Terminology 13.4 Uses of Sequence Stratigraphy 13.5 The Synchronicity of Global Sea-Level Changes 13.6 Causality 13.7 Conclusions Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 14. Statistical Procedures 14.1 History 14.2 Spline Fitting in GTS2004 14.3 Modifications in GTS2012 REFERENCES Chapter 15. The Planetary Time Scale 15.1 Introduction and Methodologies 15.2 Time Scales REFERENCES Chapter 16. A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian: Possibilities and Challenges 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Historical Review 16.3 Precambrian Earth History – A Progress Report 16.4 A Linked, Causative Series of Events in Precambrian Earth Evolution 16.5 A Revised Precambrian Time scale Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 17. The Cryogenian Period 17.1 Historical Background 17.2 Geochronological Constraints on the Cryogenian Climate Record 17.3 The Biostratigraphic Basis for a Cryogenian Period 17.4 An Integrated Approach to Global Stratigraphic Correlation 17.5 Potential Subdivision of the Cryogenian Period REFERENCES Chapter 18. The Ediacaran Period 18.1 Historical Background 18.2 Cap Carbonates and the Base of the Ediacaran System 18.3 The Biostratigraphic Basis for the Ediacaran Period 18.4 Towards an Ediacaran Chronostratigraphy 18.5 Ediacaran – Last Period of the Proterozoic or First Period of the Phanerozoic? REFERENCES Chapter 19. The Cambrian Period 19.1 History and Subdivisions 19.2 Cambrian Stratigraphy 19.3 Cambrian Time Scale REFERENCES Chapter 20. The Ordovician Period 20.1 History and Subdivisions 20.2 Previous Standard Divisions 20.3 Ordovician Stratigraphy 20.4 Ordovician Time Scale Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 21. The Silurian Period 21.1 History and Subdivisions 21.2 Silurian Series and Stages 21.3 Silurian Stratigraphy 21.4 Silurian Time Scale Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 22. The Devonian Period 22.1 History and Subdivisions 22.2 Devonian Stratigraphy 22.3 Devonian Time Scale REFERENCES Chapter 23. The Carboniferous Period 23.1 History and Subdivisions 23.2 Carboniferous Stratigraphy 23.3 Carboniferous Time scale Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 24. The Permian Period 24.1 History and Subdivisions 24.2 Regional Correlations 24.3 Permian Stratigraphy 24.4 Permian Time Scale REFERENCES Chapter 25. Triassic 25.1 History and Subdivisions 25.2 Triassic Stratigraphy 25.3 Triassic Time scale Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 26. Jurassic 26.1 History and Subdivisions 26.2 Jurassic Stratigraphy 26.3 Jurassic Time scale Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 27. Cretaceous 27.1 History and Subdivisions 27.2 Cretaceous Stratigraphy 27.3 Cretaceous Time Scale Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 28. The Paleogene Period 28.1 History and Subdivisions 28.2 Paleogene Biostratigraphy 28.3 Physical Stratigraphy 28.4 Paleogene Time Scale Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 29. The Neogene Period 29.1 Chronostratigraphy 29.2 Stages 29.3 Biostratigraphy 29.4 Event Stratigraphy 29.5 Radio-Isotopic Ages 29.6 Climate Change and Milankovitch Cycles 29.7 Astronomically Tuned Neogene Time Scale – ATNTS2012 Acknowledgments REFERENCES Chapter 30. The Quaternary Period 30.1 Evolution of Terminology 30.2 The Plio–Pleistocene Boundary and Definition of the Quaternary 30.3 Subdivision of the Pleistocene 30.4 Terrestrial Sequences 30.5 Ocean-Sediment Sequences 30.6 Land–Sea Correlation 30.7 Pleistocene–Holocene Boundary 30.8 Holocene Series 30.9 “Anthropocene Series” 30.10 Quaternary Dating Methods REFERENCES Chapter 31. The Prehistoric Human Time Scale 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Hominin Phylogeny and Migration Episodes 31.3 The Paleoenvironmental Context of Early Hominin Evolution 31.4 Hominin Industries and the Terminology of Prehistoric Periods 31.5 Early and Mid Pleistocene Technologies 31.6 The earliest technologies of Homo sapiens – The Upper Paleolithic 31.7 Holocene Technologies – Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age 31.8 Conclusions Acknowledgment REFERENCES Chapter 32. The Anthropocene 32.1 The Anthropocene 32.2 Stratigraphic Signature 32.3 Beginning of the Anthropocene? 32.4 Future Duration of the Anthropocene? 32.5 Formal Consideration of the Anthropocene 32.6 Definition 32.7 Hierarchical Level Acknowledgments REFERENCES APPENDIX 1: Color Codes for Geological Timescales APPENDIX 2: Radiometric ages used in GTS2012 References Cited APPENDIX 3: Cenozoic and Cretaceous Biochronology of Planktonic Foraminifera and Calcareous Nannofossils References Index |
| Publish Date | 22 Aug 2012 |
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