Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and

SECTION I: Pathophysiology

1 Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis of Cerebral Vessels

2 Mechanisms of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis

3 Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism: Regulation and Pathophysiology in Cerebrovascular Disease

4 Histopathology of Brain Tissue Response to Stroke and Injury

5 Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death

6 Intracellular Signaling: Mediators and Protective Responses

7 The Neurovascular Unit and Responses to Ischemia

8 Mechanisms of Cerebral Hemorrhage

9 White Matter Pathophysiology

10 Inflammation and Immune Response

11 Mechanisms of Plasticity, Remodeling and Recovery

12 Genetics and Vascular Biology of Angiogenesis and Vascular Malformations

SECTION II: Epidemiology and Risk Factors

13 Global Burden of Stroke

14 Stroke Disparities

15 Modifiable Risk Factors and Determinants of Stroke

16 Prognosis after Stroke

17 Vascular Dementia and Cognitive Impairment

18 Genetic Basis of Stroke Occurrence, Prevention and Outcome

19 Preventing a First Stroke

SECTION III: Clinical Manifestations 20 Classification of Ischemic Stroke

21 Clinical Scales to Assess Patients with Stroke

22 Carotid Artery Disease

23 Anterior Cerebral Artery Disease

24 Middle Cerebral Artery Disease

25 Posterior Cerebral Artery Disease

26 Vertebrobasilar Disease

27 Lacunar Syndromes, Lacunar Infarcts, and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease

28 Intracerebral Hemorrhage

29 Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

30 Arteriovenous Malformations and Other Vascular Anomalies

31 Stroke and Other Vascular Syndromes of the spinal Cord

SECTION IV: Specific Conditions and Stroke

32 Cardiac Diseases

33 Atherosclerotic Disease of the Proximal Aorta

34 Stroke Related to Surgery and Other Procedures

35 Arterial Dissections and Fibromuscular Dysplasia

36 Collagen Vascular and Infectious Diseases

37 Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndromes

38 Hypertensive Encephalopathy

39 Stroke and Substance Abuse

40 Moyamoya Disease

41 CADASIL: Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy

42 Hematologic Disorders and Stroke

43 Migraine and Stroke

44 Cryptogenic Stroke

45 Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

SECTION V: Diagnostic Studies

46 Ultrasonography

47 Computed Tomography-based Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease

48 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cerebrovascular Diseases

49 Cerebral Angiography

SECTION VI: Therapy

Part A: Medical Therapy

50 Prehospital and Emergency Department Care of the Patient with Acute Stroke

51 Intravenous Thrombolysis

52 Antithrombotic Therapy for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

53 General Stroke Management and Stroke Units

54 Critical Care of the Patient with Acute Stroke

55 Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia

56 Treatment of "Other" Stroke Etiologies

57 Medical Therapy of Intracerebral and Intraventricular Hemorrhage

58 Rehabilitation and Recovery of the Patient with Stroke

59 Interventions to Improve Recovery after Stroke

60 Enhancing Stroke Recovery with Cellular Therapies

61 Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Prevention of Stroke

62 Secondary Prevention of Cardioembolic Stroke

63 Conduct of Stroke-Related Clinical Trials

Part B: Interventional Therapy

64 Endovascular Therapy of Extracranial and Intracranial Occlusive Disease

65 Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

66 Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms

67 Interventional Therapy of Brain and Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations

68 Dural Arteriovenous Malformations

Part C: Surgical Therapy

69 Surgery of Anterior and Posterior Aneurysms

70 Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage

71 Intraventricular Hemorrhage

72 Surgical Management of Cranial and Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations

73 Surgical Cavernous Malformations and Venous Anomalies

74 Indications for Carotid Endarterectomy in Patients with Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis

75 Extracranial to Intracranial Bypass for Cerebral Ischemia

76 Decompressive Craniectomy for Infarction and Hemorrhage