Pharmacologic Approaches Heart Failure

This issue of Heart Failure Clinics examines the pharmacologic approaches to heart failure: optimizing established therapy with a look toward future agents. Topics include the pathophysiologic foundation for the pharmacologic treatment of heart failure, treatment of heart failure with reducted ejection fraction and preserved ejection fraction, treatment of acute heart failure, investigational treatments, and the role of congestive heart failure medications following left ventricular assist device.